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| Estudios Públicos: Nº 79, 2000. |
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| The Unidad Popular and the military coup in Chile: Soviet perceptions and analysis |
Olga Uliánova (author)
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This paper draws on the documents and archives of the former USSR to provide an analysis of Soviet perceptions of the Unidad Popular and the military coup in Chile, the formulation of USSR policy towards Chile in 1970-1973, and its assessment of the reasons for the Unidad Popular's defeat. The documents highlight the questions raised in the USSR by this first attempt to implement the Soviet postulate of revolution by "peaceful means". They also reveal the USSR's doubts as to the project's long-term viability, and its reluctance to make a major economic commitment towards Chile in the early 1970s. On the other hand, the specially close relations that existed between the Soviet communist party and its Chilean counterpart can also be clearly discerned. Subsequently, following the fall of Salvador Allende, the Unidad Popular's experience -seen in the USSR as a process led by a "brother party" unfolding within the terms of its own ideological project- becomes especially important to the Soviet authorities in their ideological debate with eurocommunism. For that reason, the Soviet analysis of the Unidad Popular's defeat, based on the idea that "the revolution has to stand up for itself", while recognizing the UP's inability to gain majority support for its project among Chilean society, comes to see its inability to break the "bourgeois state" and defend the project by force if necessary as fundamental issues. As regards forming a left-wing strategy of opposition to the military regime, the author claims that although the Chilean comunist party policy-shift towards the idea of "popular uprising" and "all forms of struggle" initially reflected domestic factors, the Chilean CP's reading of this Soviet interpretation provided it with ideological sustenance. Soviet support for the Chilean CP's new policy line in the 1980s is shown, for example, by the training of "military cadres" for the Chilean comunist and socialist parties in the USSR.
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