Joseph Raz argues in favor of a principle of tolerance that is compatible with a political morality he calls ‘perfectionism’. The foundation of the value of tolerance as a principle of politics lies in the idea of autonomy, according to which each individual has the right to pursue excellence in his life with respect to different virtues which are often mutually incompatible (moral pluralism) or even promote intolerance of other virtues (competitive moral pluralism). Respect for autonomy requires that individuals have the possibility to choose between different versions of the good life. Tolerance, in turn, requires non-interference in the choices that individuals make when trying to excel in their preferred virtues. Nothing of the previous, argues Raz, implies that any choice is equally good, nor that the State should permit whichever form of life. Nonetheless, the duties derived from the idea of autonomy are not limited to the duty of non-interference that corresponds to the concept of tolerance. The principle of autonomy also requires helping individuals to develop the capacities that allow them to lead an autonomous life. According to Mill’s damage principle, the State can only use coercion to prevent behavior that is harmful to others. It would seem, therefore, that the use of coercion for other purposes, for example for the collection of taxes, violates the damage principle. Still, from the point of view of autonomy, those acts or omissions are also harmful that, though not diminishing autonomy, prevent its increase. The damage principle, thus reinterpreted, clearly justifies a system of taxation to the extent that its revenues are used to further the autonomy of individuals. Finally, autonomy is only valuable when used to choose a good life. The State that advocates autonomy is therefore obliged to promote valuable alternatives as well as to repress other repulsive ones. The damage principle, nonetheless, sets a limit to the instruments that the State can use to such effect, and coercion can only be used under the conditions already mentioned.
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